Cáncer de Estómago
El cáncer del estómago también es conocido como cáncer gástrico, se origina en las células epiteliales que forman la capa más interna de la mucosa del estómago.
Aproximadamente entre 90% y 95% de los tumores malignos del estómago son adenocarcinomas. Los términos cáncer del estómago o cáncer gástrico casi siempre se refieren al tipo de cáncer adenocarcinoma del estómago.MAGNITUD DEL PROBLEMA
Se estima que durante este año podrían surgir mas de 8.700 casos nuevos de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. También se estima que 6.630 personas morirán a causa de este tipo de cáncer durante este mismo año. Ésta es una enfermedad que afecta principalmente a las personas de edad avanzada. Dos de cada tres personas diagnosticadas con cáncer del estómago tiene más de 65 añosde edad. El riesgo de una persona de contraer cáncer del estómago en el transcurso de su vida en Colombia es de es de alrededor de 1 en 50.
El cáncer del estómago es mucho más común en áreas montañosas en Colombia y es poco frecuente en la Costa Atlántica y Pacífica.
Este cáncer es la secunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo con aproximadamente 700,000 muertes cada año.
CAUSAS DELCÁNCER DE ESTÓMAGO
Un factor de riesgo es cualquier cosa que aumente las probabilidades de una persona de contraer una enfermedad como el cáncer. Algunos científicos han encontrado que varios factores de riesgo hacen que una persona sea más propensa a contraer cáncer del estómago.
Infección con Helicobacter pylori: Muchos piensan que la infección con esta bacteria, llamada Helicobacter pylorio H pylori, es una causa principal de cáncer del estómago. La infección del estómago a largo plazo con esta bacteria podría resultar en una gastritis atrófica crónica (inflamación y daño de la capa más interna del estómago), un posible cambio precanceroso del recubrimiento del estómago. Los pacientes con adenocarcinoma del estómago tienen una tasa más alta de infección que las personas que notienen cáncer. No obstante, la mayoría de las personas que portan esta bacteria en sus estómagos nunca contraen cáncer.
Causas asociadas con la alimentación: Un riesgo aumentado de cáncer del estómago está relacionado con una alimentación que contenga grandes cantidades de alimentos ahumados, pescado y carne salada y vegetales conservados en vinagre. Por otra parte, consumir productos integrales,frutas, verduras y vegetales frescos que contengan vitamina A y C parece disminuir el riesgo de cáncer del estómago.
Consumo de tabaco y alcohol: El hábito de fumar aumenta el riesgo de cáncer del estómago. El riesgo de cáncer del estómago es alrededor del doble para los fumadores. Aunque algunos estudios asocian el consumo de alcohol con cáncer del estómago, esto no se ha comprobado.Obesidad: El estar sobrepeso u obeso ha sido identificado como una causa principal de muchos cánceres y especialmente cánceres del estómago.
Cirugía gástrica previa: Los cánceres del estómago son más propensos a originarse en las personas a las que se les ha extraído parte del estómago para tratar enfermedades no cancerosas como las úlceras.
Anemia perniciosa: Ciertas células en el recubrimientodel estómago producen normalmente una substancia necesaria para la absorción de vitamina B12 de los alimentos. Si no hay suficiente cantidad de esta sustancia, se produce una deficiencia de vitamina B12, lo que conduce a problemas en la producción de suficientes glóbulos rojos (anemia). Además de la anemia, existe un riesgo levemente aumentado de cáncer del estómago para los pacientes con estaenfermedad.
Enfermedad de Menetrier: Debido a que esta enfermedad es muy rara, no se conoce el riesgo exacto de cáncer del estómago.
Sexo: El cáncer del estómago es dos veces más común en los hombres que en las mujeres.
Envejecimiento: Después de los 50 años aumenta bruscamente la incidencia del cáncer del estómago.
Sangre tipo A: Por razones desconocidas, las personas con sangre tipo A…
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