COMPONENTES FISICOS DE UNA COMPUTADORA:
Hardware : son los componentes físicos: CPU y dispositivos periféricos.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)
Son memorias que solo podemos utilizar para lectura y son de tipo no volátil.
COMPONENTES LOGICOS: Software se refiere al equipamiento lógico o soporte lógico de una computadora digital, y comprende el conjunto de los componentes lógicos necesarios parahacer posible la realización de una tarea específica, en contraposición a los componentes físicos del sistema.
Software de programación: Es el conjunto de herramientas que permiten al programador desarrollar programas informáticos, usando diferentes alternativas y lenguajes de programación, de una manera práctica
Software de aplicación: Es aquel que permite a los usuarios llevar a cabo una ovarias tareas específicas, en cualquier campo de actividad susceptible de ser automatizado o asistido, con especial énfasis en los negocios.
ALGUNAS CARACTERISTICAS
» Son de carácter innovador y creativo, pues dan acceso ha nuevas formas de comunicación.
» Son considerados temas de debate público y político, pues su utilización implica un futuro prometedor.
» Las principales nuevas tecnologíasson:
» Internet
» Robótica
» Computadoras de propósito específico
» Dinero electrónico
» Constituyen medios de comunicación y adquisición de información de toda variedad, inclusive científica, a los cuales las personas pueden acceder por sus propios medios, es decir potencian la educación a distancia en la cual es casi una necesidad del alumno tener poder llegar a toda la informaciónposible generalmente solo, con una ayuda mínima del profesor.
Primera Generación de computadora (1951 a 1958)
Las computadoras de la primera Generación emplearon bulbos para procesar información. Los operadores ingresaban los datos y programas en código especial por medio de tarjetas perforadas. El almacenamiento interno se lograba con un tambor que giraba rápidamente, sobre el cual un dispositivode lectura/escritura colocaba marcas magnéticas.
Esas computadoras de bulbos eran mucho más grandes y generaban más calor que los modelos contemporáneos-
Segunda Generación (1959-1964)
Transistor Compatibilidad Limitada:
El invento del transistor hizo posible una nueva Generación de computadoras, más rápidas, más pequeñas y con menores necesidades de ventilación. Sin embargo el costo seguíasiendo una porción significativa del presupuesto de una Compañía. Las computadoras de la segunda generación también utilizaban redes de núcleos magnéticos en lugar de tambores giratorios para el almacenamiento primario. Estos núcleos contenían pequeños anillos de material magnético, enlazados entre sí, en los cuales podían almacenarse datos e instrucciones
Tercera Generación (1964-1971)Circuitos Integrados, Compatibilidad con Equipo Mayor, Multiprogramación, Minicomputadora:
Las computadoras de la tercera generación emergieron con el desarrollo de los circuitos integrados (pastillas de silicio) en las cuales se colocan miles de componentes electrónicos, en una integración en miniatura. Las computadoras nuevamente se hicieron más pequeñas, más rápidas, desprendían menos calor y eranenergéticamente más eficientes.
Cuarta Generación (1971 a la fecha)
Microprocesador, Chips de memoria, Microminiaturización:
Dos mejoras en la tecnología de las computadoras marcan el inicio de la cuarta generación: el reemplazo de las memorias con núcleos magnéticos, por las de chips de silicio y la colocación de Muchos más componentes en un Chip: producto de la microminiaturización de loscircuitos electrónicos. El tamaño reducido del microprocesador y de chips hizo posible la creación de las computadoras personales (PC Personal Computer).
Hoy en día las tecnologías LSI (Integración a gran escala) y VLSI (integración a muy gran escala) permiten que cientos de miles de componentes electrónicos se almacenen en un chip. Usando VLSI, un fabricante puede hacer que una computadora pequeña…
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