Paciente dializado

PACIENTE DIALIZADO

Objetivo

Desarrollar habilidades y destrezas en la búsqueda, interpretación, análisis y aplicación de información relacionada con el Proceso de Cuidado Nutricional de pacientes con diversos problemas patológicos.

DATOS ESTADISTICOS:

Entre los individuos que padecen de enfermedad renal terminal, aproximadamente el 50% de la mortalidad se debe a enfermedadcardiovascular aterosclerótica. De manera que la tasa de mortalidad por ésta causa resulta entre diez y veinte veces superior a la de la población general, aproximadamente el 40% de los pacientes que inician el tratamiento con diálisis presentan manifestaciones de enfermedad coronaria, lo cual indica que ésta ya está presente en estadios de la insuficiencia renal que preceden a la etapa terminal.
En elEcuador, César Vascones, nefrólogo de la Clínica Internacional y del Institute de Atención Renal Especializada (IARE). Vascones agrega que en el caso del Ecuador es importante que el Ministerio de Salud se sensibilice y piense en los pacientes renales terminales, coma parte de un programa de salud permanente. Según las estadísticas la enfermedad crece en el país ya que cada año, se registran hasta3000 nuevos casos; es decir que en 10 años se han acumulado hasta 30 mil pacientes de los cuales la mayoría ya murió.

De acuerdo con las estadísticas del lESS, solo el 6% de ecuatorianos cuentan con terapias de reemplazo (hemodiálisis o trasplante), mientras que el 16% recibe asistencia por el apoyo de fundaciones y/o gestión personal. Por otro lado el 78% no tiene ningún seguro ni dinero pararecibir atención.

Se estima que 1 de cada 3 diabéticos sobre todo, aquellos que tienen la enfermedad por mas de 10 años, van a tener algún grado de enfermedad renal, cuyo espectro va del nivel 1 cuya manifestación se detecta únicamente a través de exámenes de orina y sangre, pero paulatinamente van avanzando hasta llegar a niveles mucho más alternados (4 Y 5) que requieren tratamientos dediálisis o transplante.

QUE ES LA DIALISIS?

La diálisis es un proceso mediante el cual se extrae las toxinas que el riñón no elimina ya sea que no funcionen por una infección o por algún otro factor que no se haya determinado. Este proceso debe realizarse en un cuarto higiénico para evitar el riesgo de contraer alguna infección en la sangre durante el proceso. La diálisis es una alternativa detratamiento cuando el deterioro de la función renal se hace irreversible; la misma puede ser de dos tipos:

• Diálisis peritoneal
• Hemodiálisis
La diálisis es el proceso de separación de los elementos presentes en la solución por difusión a través de una membrana semipermeable.

HEMODIALISIS:

La hemodiálisis puede realizarse en el hogar, en un centro de diálisis o en un hospital, porprofesionales del cuidado de la salud capacitados. Un tipo de acceso especial, llamada fístula arteriovenosa, se coloca quirúrgicamente, por lo general en el brazo. Esto comprende la unión de una arteria y una vena. También puede colocarse un catéter intravenoso (IV) externo, central pero es menos común para la diálisis a largo plazo. Una vez establecido el acceso, se le conectará a una máquina grande dehemodiálisis, la cual drena la sangre, la lava en una solución especial de dializado que elimina líquidos y sustancias de desecho y luego la regresa a su torrente sanguíneo.

La hemodiálisis se realiza por lo general varias veces por semana y dura de cuatro a cinco horas. Debido al tiempo de duración de la diálisis, el llevar consigo material de lectura podría serle útil, para que se entretengadurante el procedimiento. Durante el tratamiento usted puede leer, escribir, dormir, conversar o ver televisión. En el hogar, la hemodiálisis se lleva a cabo con la ayuda de otra persona, con frecuencia un familiar o un amigo.

Una vez que se ha comenzado la terapia, puede ser necesario cambiar la frecuencia y la duración de las hemodiálisis dependiendo, principalmente, del grado de…

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